​Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer that originates in the melanocytes—the cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Although it is less common than other types of skin cancer, melanoma is significantly more dangerous because it is more likely to spread to other parts of the body if not caught early. Early detection is crucial, and understanding the symptoms is the first step toward timely diagnosis and treatment.
Key Takeaways

• Melanoma can appear anywhere on the body, even in areas not exposed to the sun.
• The ABCDE rule is a widely recognized guideline for identifying suspicious moles.
• New or changing skin lesions should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Common Symptoms of Melanoma1. Changes in an Existing MoleOne of the most common early signs of melanoma is a noticeable change in a pre-existing mole. This includes changes in:

• Color: Multiple shades or uneven coloring.
  
• Size: An increase in diameter, especially larger than 6mm.
  
• Shape: Irregular, asymmetrical borders.
  
• Texture: Becoming scaly, rough, or crusty.
  
• Sensation: Itching, tenderness, or pain.
  

2. Appearance of a New Pigmented or Unusual-Looking GrowthMelanoma can also begin as a new spot on the skin that doesn’t look like your other moles or freckles. These growths are often dark in color but can also be skin-colored, red, pink, purple, blue, or white.
3. ABCDE Rule for Recognizing MelanomaThe ABCDE rule helps people recognize potential melanomas:

• A – Asymmetry: One half doesn’t match the other.
  
• B – Border: Irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined border.
  
• C – Color: Uneven color with different shades.
  
• D – Diameter: Greater than 6mm (about the size of a pencil eraser).
  
• E – Evolving: Changes in size, shape, color, or symptoms such as bleeding or itching.
  

4. Unusual Skin SensationsWhile early melanoma might not cause pain, as it progresses, the lesion may become tender, itchy, or even painful. Any lesion that bleeds or doesn’t heal should be evaluated.
5. Melanoma on Unusual AreasAlthough melanoma most often appears on areas frequently exposed to the sun (such as the back, legs, arms, and face), it can also occur in less obvious locations, including:

• Under the nails (subungual melanoma)
  
• On the palms or soles
  
• Inside the mouth or nose
  
• On the genitals or mucous membranes
  

Different Types of Melanoma and Their SymptomsSuperficial Spreading Melanoma

• Most common type
  
• Tends to spread out across the skin surface before going deeper
  
• Often starts as a flat or slightly raised discolored patch
  

Nodular Melanoma

• More aggressive and grows faster
  
• Appears as a raised bump, often black, blue, or red
  
• May bleed or ooze
  

Lentigo Maligna Melanoma

• Typically affects older adults
  
• Appears on sun-damaged skin, especially the face
  
• Flat, tan, or brown patch that slowly enlarges
  

Acral Lentiginous Melanoma

• Rarer and not related to sun exposure
  
• More common in people with darker skin
  
• Occurs on the palms, soles, or under the nails
  

When to See a DoctorIf you notice any of the above symptoms or skin changes, it’s important to see a dermatologist or healthcare provider as soon as possible. Early detection significantly increases the chances of successful treatment. Regular skin self-exams and annual dermatology visits are essential, especially for individuals with risk factors such as fair skin, a history of sunburns, or a family history of skin cancer.

References

1. American Academy of Dermatology Association. "Melanoma: Signs and symptoms." https://www.aad.org
   
2. Skin Cancer Foundation. "Warning Signs of Melanoma." https://www.skincancer.org
   
3. Mayo Clinic. "Melanoma - Symptoms and causes." https://www.mayoclinic.org
   
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Skin Cancer?" https://www.cdc.gov